Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world

Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world 

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collected from Wikipedia...

|8th century|

770–840–[mathematics] Khwarizmi (Persian: خوارزمی‎ Khwarazmi, in Arabic became الخوارزمي al-Khwarizmi, Latinized name, Algorithm). Developed the "calculus of resolution and juxtaposition" (hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala), more briefly referred to as al-jabr, or algebra.776–868–[zoology; language] 'Amr ibn Bahr Al-Jahiz. Zoology, Arabic grammar, rhetoric, lexicography.

|9th century|

800–873–[various] Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (Latinized, Alkindus.) Philosophy, Physics, Optics, Medicine, Mathematics, Cryptography, Metallurgy. Worked at the House of Wisdom which was set up in 810.803 – [chemistry; glass] d. Abu-Moussa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latinized name, Geber,). Famous Persian chemist. First chemist known to produce sulfuric acid, as well as many other chemicals and instruments. Wrote on adding color to glass by adding small quantities of metallic oxides to the glass, such as manganese dioxide. This was a new advancement in glass industry unknown in antiquity. His works include "The elaboration of the Grand Elixir"; "The chest of wisdom" in which he writes on nitric acid; Kitab al-istitmam (translated to Latin later as Summa Perfectionis); and others.ca. 810 Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) set up in Baghdad. There Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works are translated into Arabic.820–[mathematics] Mahani (full name Abu Abdollah Muhammad ibn Isa Mahani–in Arabic Al-Mahani). Conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra. [1]836–901 [anatomy; astronomy; mathematics; mechanics] Born Thabit Ibn Qurra (Latinized, Thebit.) Studied at Baghdad's House of Wisdom under the Banu Musa brothers. Made many contributions to mathematics, particularly in geometry and number theory. He discovered the theorem by which pairs of amicable numbers can be found; i.e., two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other.[1] Later, al-Baghdadi (b. 980) and al-Haytham (born 965) developed variants of the theorem.838–870–Tabari (full name: Ali ibn Sahl Rabban Al-Tabari). Medicine, Mathematics, Calligraphy, Literature. [4]mid 9th century–[chemistry] Al-Kindi writes on the distillation of wine as that of rose water and gives 107 recipes for perfumes, in his book Kitab Kimia al-`otoor wa al-tas`eedat (book of the chemistry of perfumes and distillations.)850–930 [mathematics] born Abu Kamil of Egypt (full name, Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja) Forms an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as x^n \cdot x^m = x^{m+n} .[1]858–929– [astronomy–mathematics] Al-Battani (Albategnius) Works on astronomy, trigonometry etc.ca. 860–Al-Farghani (Al-Fraganus) Astronomy, Civil engineering.864–930–[chemistry; medicine; ...] Razi (Rhazes) Medicine, Ophthalmology, Smallpox, Chemistry, Astronomy. Al-Razi wrote on Naft (naphta or petroleum) and its distillates in his book "Kitab sirr al-asrar" (book of the secret of secrets.) When choosing a site to build Baghdad's hospital, he hung pieces of fresh meat in different parts of the city. The location where the meat took the longest to rot was the one he chose for building the hospital. Advocated that patients not be told their real condition so that fear or despair do not affect the healing process. Wrote on alkali, caustic soda, soap and glycerine. Gave descriptions of equipment processes and methods in his book Kitab al-Asrar (book of secrets) in 925.870–950 – Farabi (Al-Pharabius) Sociology, Logic, Philosophy, Political science, Music.888 – [various] Died 'Abbas Ibn Firnas. Mechanics of Flight, Planetarium, Artificial Crystals. According to one account written seven centuries after his death, Ibn Firnas was injured during an elevated winged trial flight.9th century – [chemistry; petroleum] Oilfields in Baku, Azerbaijan, generate commercial activities and industry. These oilfields, were wells are dug to get the Naft (or naphta, or crude petroleum) are described by geographer Masudi in the 10th century and by Marco Polo in the 13th century. 

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Hadith Authenticity: A Survey of Perspectives

A Survey of Perspectives 

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Many non-Muslims, including those who study Islam at an introductory university level, have absolutely no concept of the importance of hadith in Islam. It is also perhaps safe to assume that many Muslims themselves do not fully grasp the fundamental importance of the hadith as a basis for the religion of Islam, and more particularly as a basis for the shari'a, or Islamic law. This essay will seek to both outline the importance of the hadith within Islam, and also try to present a survey of the various views on the authenticity of the hadith, both within Muslim and non-Muslim scholarship. In order to understand the importance of the hadith it is essential to first know what the hadith is. Simply put, the hadith are collected traditions about the sunna1 of Muhammad. Thus they are composed of sayings attributed to Muhammad, as well as the actions of Muhammad in various situations, both of which are held to serve as examples and guidelines for Muslim belief and practice.2 According to Muslims, the hadith is almost equal in importance to the Quran. Dr. Mazhar U. Kazi, in the introduction to his A Treasury of Ahadith states that "all the sayings, sermons, and utterances of the Prophet were.. divinely inspired. In Arabic these are known as ahadith (singular: hadith)."3 Dr. Kazi goes on to say that "all of the actions and deeds of the Prophet were also divinely inspired."4 Dr. Kazi summarizes his view on the traditions with clarity: The sunnah and ahadith are not to be taken as the wise sayings of sages and philosophers or the verdicts of rulers and leaders. One should believe with full conviction that the words and actions of the Prophet represent the will of Allah, and thus one has to follow and obey them in each and every circumstance of life.5 Another Muslim scholar, John L. Esposito, in his work, Islam - The Straight Path states that, Quranic principles and values were concretized and interpreted by the second and complementary source of law, the Sunna of the Prophet, the normative model behaviour of Muhammad. The importance of the Sunna is rooted in such Quranic injunctions as "obey God and obey the Messenger... If you should quarrel over anything refer it to God and the Messenger" (4:59) and "In God's messenger you have a fine model for anyone whose hope is in God and the Last Day" (33:21). Belief that Muhammad was inspired by God to act wisely, in accordance with God's will, led to the acceptance of his example, or Sunna, as supplement to the Quran, and thus, a material or textual source of the law.6

Mr Bean Muslim Rowan Atkinson Became Muslim according to news

IS SMOKING HARAM ?

 IS SMOKING HARAM, HALAL OR MAKROOH? 

 collected from web... 

 

According to Qur'an and Hadith (The saying of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) all intoxicants are 'haram' whereas tobacco is an intoxicating substance.

Intoxicants in the light of Qur'an:

(Surah Al-Baqarah Ch:2 V:195)

وَلَاتُلْقُوابِأَيْدِيكُمْإِلَىالتَّهْلُكَةِ

"Don’t make your own hands the cause of your own destruction"

(Islam prohibits "tobacco" in any form which makes smoking haram however people still argue over it and will normally start saying that ‘Pan’ and ‘Pepsi’ etc are also not good for health so they are or can be haram as well. hence we should avoid them, but where Islam is concerned IF and only IF PAN contains "Tobacco" then its haram else you may have it (still not having is preferred) it’s NOT HARAM. However by smoking cigarette or sheesha we are making our own hands the cause of our own destruction).

(Surah Al-Ma’idah Ch:5 V:90)

يَاأَيُّهَاالَّذِينَآمَنُواإِنَّمَاالْخَمْرُوَالْمَيْسِرُوَالْأَنصَابُوَالْأَزْلَامُرِجْسٌمِّنْعَمَلِالشَّيْطَانِ

فَاجْتَنِبُوهُلَعَلَّكُمْتُفْلِحُونَ

“O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling, [sacrificing on] stone alters [to other than Allah], and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful.”

(Tobacco causes Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Effects on the Human System "Tobacco, moreover is of itself, an intoxicating substance").

(Surah Al-Balad Ch:90 V:10)

وَهَدَيْنَاهُالنَّجْدَيْنِ

“And pointed out to him the two conspicuous ways”

(Allah (سبحانهوتعال) has given us the right to choose our own path, whichever path we chose He makes that path easier for us. So choose the right one which leads to righteousness so you can have Allah’s mercy and countless blessings.)

(Surah An-Nisa’ Ch:4 V:29)

وَلَاتَقْتُلُواأَنفُسَكُمْ 

“And do not kill yourselves”

(“Smoking Kills”it’s even written on every cigarette pack, and  we all know it  still we argue that smoking is not haram According to world health organization (WHO) there are more than a million people who die only because of smoking . 90% of people who die from lung cancer is due to smoking. )

(Surah Al’-A’raf Ch:7 V:157)

وَيُحِلُّلَهُمُالطَّيِّبَاتِوَيُحَرِّمُعَلَيْهِمُالْخَبَائِثَ

“And makes lawful to them the good things and makes unlawful to them impure things”

(We are all aware of the unlawful things. and  cigarette is impure as it causes several diseases which are mentioned again and again, it contains nicotine which is nothing more but a poison,so it’s time we should all agree to the fact that smoking is unlawful . Fear Allah (سبحانهوتعال) and ask for His mercy and guidance surely if you do so with a firm belief He The Lord of the Worlds will help you in every step you take towards him.)

(Surah Al-‘Isra’ Ch:17 V:26-27)

 وَلَاتُبَذِّرْتَبْذِيرًاO إِنَّالْمُبَذِّرِينَكَانُواإِخْوَانَالشَّيَاطِينِۖوَكَانَالشَّيْطَانُلِرَبِّهِكَفُورًا

“And do not spend wastefully, Indeed, the wasteful are brothers of the devils, and ever has Satan been to his Lord ungrateful.”

(Smoking is a waste of money, a smoker burns his wealth for no good reason plus it’s harmful to the body and there is no difference between the person who’s smoking and the person who commits suicide.)

(Surah Al-‘Ankabut Ch:29 V:69)

وَالَّذِينَجَاهَدُوافِينَالَنَهْدِيَنَّهُمْسُبُلَنَا

“Those who strive hard in Our Cause, We will surely guide them to Our Paths.”

(If you have a craving to smoke then you have to seek Allah’s help in order to quit smoking. If you pray to Allah (سبحانهوتعال) for His help and then make sincere efforts to give up smoking, then Allah (سبحانهوتعال) will help you .but one should have a very strong belief that Allah (سبحانهوتعال) will surely help him, and remember nothing is easy, one needs to be strong.)

(Surah Al-Ma’idah Ch:5 V:2)

 وَتَعَاوَنُواعَلَىالْبِرِّوَالتَّقْوَىٰۖوَلَاتَعَاوَنُواعَلَىالْإِثْمِ

“And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression”

(The prohibition of smoking is not restricted to consuming it, but applies as well to offering it to people, sitting with those who are smoking, or selling it. All of this involves helping people commit sins, which is prohibited)

(Surah Ar-Ra’d Ch:13 V:28)

الَّذِينَآمَنُواوَتَطْمَئِنُّقُلُوبُهُمبِذِكْرِاللَّهِۗأَلَابِذِكْرِاللَّهِتَطْمَئِنُّالْقُلُوبُ

“Those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance of Allah . Unquestionably, by the remembrance of Allah hearts are assured."

(Even medical science has rejected outright the myth that smoking calms the nerves. So many people who do believe that cigarettes are good for the removal of the sadness and departure of the worries should know that it’s not true. Now almost all the scientists expunged this idea and concluded to the fact that cigarettes are actually causing a person to get tensed instead of healed. However what we Muslims know for sure is that the remembrance of Allah is the only healing power, for there is no one to guide us better then Allah (SWT))

(Surah ‘Al-Imran Ch:3 V:159)

لَهُمْوَشَاوِرْهُمْفِيالْأَمْرِۖفَإِذَاعَزَمْتَفَتَوَكَّلْعَلَىاللَّهِۚإِنَّاللَّهَيُحِبُّالْمُتَوَكِّلِينَ

“And when you have decided, then rely upon Allah. Indeed, Allah loves those who rely [upon Him].”

(Rely on Allah sincerely, with full determination not to return to smoking ever, if one has a strong faith and Trust in Allah (SWT) then Allah will surely guide him to the right path and he will be able to give up this evil habit  for good.)

(Surah Al-Baqarah Ch:2 V:219)

يَسْأَلُونَكَعَنِالْخَمْرِوَالْمَيْسِرِۖقُلْفِيهِمَاإِثْمٌكَبِيرٌوَمَنَافِعُلِلنَّاسِوَإِثْمُهُمَاأَكْبَرُمِن

 نَّفْعِهِمَاۗ 

They ask you about wine and gambling. Say, "In them is great sin and [yet, some] benefit for people. But their sin is greater than their benefit."

(Similarly when we talk about smoking we know that the harm is greater than the benefit as proven by medical science as well.)

(Surah Al-Baqarah Ch:2 V:224)

وَلَاتَجْعَلُوااللَّهَعُرْضَةًلِّأَيْمَانِكُمْأَنتَبَرُّواوَتَتَّقُواوَتُصْلِحُوابَيْنَالنَّاسِ

“And do not make [your oath by] Allah an excuse against being righteous and fearing Allah and making peace among people.”

(We should fear Allah (سبحانهوتعال) at all times and do as commanded, however if we are smoking we are disobeying Allah (سبحانهوتعال). So do we fear Allah (SWT) then? We should be ashamed of ourselves and ask forgiveness and quit smoking as Allah (SWT) is ‘The Most Merciful & The Most Beneficent’)

(Surah Al-‘A’raf Ch:7 V:179)

لَهُمْقُلُوبٌلَّايَفْقَهُونَبِهَاوَلَهُمْأَعْيُنٌلَّايُبْصِرُونَبِهَاوَلَهُمْآذَانٌلَّايَسْمَعُونَبِهَا

“They have hearts with which they do not understand, they have eyes with which they do not see, and they have ears with which they do not hear.”

(Almost all smokers give lame excuses that smoking is not haram it’s very disgraceful that we are well aware of the fact that smoking is haram and still we keep on doing the same thing.)

(Surah Al-‘Anfal Ch:8 V:22)

إِنَّشَرَّالدَّوَابِّعِندَاللَّهِالصُّمُّالْبُكْمُالَّذِينَلَايَعْقِلُونَ

“Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are the deaf and dumb who do not use reason.”

(If such people hear the Qur'an, they will not understand it. By doing so, they will be like animals, which have no minds, or even worse. So if there is even a tiny chance of something being haram we should simply stay away from it.)

(Surah An-Nisa’ Ch:4 V:59)

أَطِيعُوااللَّهَوَأَطِيعُواالرَّسُولَ

“Obey Allah and obey the Messenger”

(A Muslim can’t deny the Hadith of The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He has been instructed to do so by Allah (سبحانهوتعال) Himself. If we don’t agree with Hadith then we are not Muslims since a Muslim testifies that ‘There is no god but Allah And Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)is His Messenger’ by believing in Qur’an but not the Hadith of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)we only ‘Testify that there is no god but Allah’whereas we don’t testify that Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)is His messenger. A Muslim needs to follow the teachings of Allah’s Messenger as commanded.)

(Surah At-Tawbah Ch:9 V:71)

وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَوَالْمُؤْمِنَاتُبَعْضُهُمْأَوْلِيَاءُبَعْضٍۚيَأْمُرُونَبِالْمَعْرُوفِوَيَنْهَوْنَعَنِالْمُنكَرِ

“The believing men and believing women are allies of one another. They enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong”

(A faithful friend will only encourage you to do what is right and prevent you from doing any evil act. The one who offer you cigarette is encouraging you to do an evil act clearly he doesn’t care about your health or future.)

(Surah Al-Baqarah Ch:2 V:6)

إِنَّالَّذِينَكَفَرُواسَوَاءٌعَلَيْهِمْأَأَنذَرْتَهُمْأَمْلَمْتُنذِرْهُمْلَايُؤْمِنُونَ

“Indeed, those who disbelieve - it is all the same for them whether you warn them or do not warn them - they will not believe”

(Numerous times when someone tries to warn that ‘smoking kills’ smokers get annoyed and end up making fun of that person. They should fear Allah for their heart is sealed and they have been blinded.)

(Surah Al-‘Ankabut Ch:29 V:45)

إِنَّالصَّلَاةَتَنْهَىٰعَنِالْفَحْشَاءِوَالْمُنكَرِۗوَلَذِكْرُاللَّهِأَكْبَرُ

“Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing, and the remembrance of Allah is greater”

(Start praying ‘five’ times a day as prescribed by our beloved Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) as Prayer keeps you away from all kinds of evil acts.)