|| Why were we created ? ||

 collected from web...

All praise is due to Allah. May His prayers and blessings be upon his Last Messenger and on all those who follow the path of righteousness until the Last Day.

Not just Muslims, but every single human being has to answer the most fundamental question at some point in his or her lifetime:

"Why was I created? Why am I here? What am I doing in this world? Why did God create me?"

These questions are questions which each and everyone of us reflects on at some point during their life. We have some answers, which are given generally but usually these answers don't satisfy us - seeming somewhat simplistic. So, we still wonder: "Why me? Why here?" I know all of you (Muslims), are saying, "To worship Allah, khallas (finish). What more is there to say? Why do we need to have a big long talk on why we were created when we all know it is to worship Allah?!"

But wait. If this is presented to a non-Muslim, the next logical question would be, "Why does Allah want us to worship Him?" Then your stuck, which can only mean that in our own minds it is not really clear. Why did Allah create us to worship Him?

Addressing the question, "Why did Allah create us?", we have to understand how to deal with those people we live with (in the West). Those who don't consider there to be any purpose in man's creation, firmly believing that they are just a product of evolution and that the forces of nature. Just as we don't have apes, dogs or cows thinking about why they are here, then we also don't have to think about it either. Following from this belief being the basis of the philosophy of Western society (that man is without purpose), the whole issue of government, morality, etc. has no basis for them in Revelation. The product of this attitude is, of course, the corruption that we are living in.

When a Muslim addresses this topic, we have to find our understanding from Divine Revelation and not human speculation. Because human speculation has no bounds; we can imagine all kinds of things and if any of you has studied philosophy of religion, you will know how many opinions there are about the creation of man and existence. Because of the variety of philosophies which are out there, no one can say this one is correct or that one is incorrect, because there is no guidance behind it. No Divine Revelation. It is only from Divine Revelation that we can determine the reality of our creation, because it is Allah who has created us and so He knows the purpose of our creation. We can hardly understand it ourselves, much less trying to understand the essence of things. So it is for Allah to inform us through the revelation in the Qur'an and the sunnah (the Prophetic traditions) which were brought to us by His Last Messenger and the Messengers before him.

Now if we are to look initially into revelation, to determine why was man created, there is a deeper question that we should be asking before that: "Why did God create?" This before we even get to man because man is not the greatest act of creation. Allah says:

"The creation of the Heavens and the Earth is indeed greater then the creation of mankind; yet, most of mankind know not."

[Al-Qur'an 40:57]

Man is not the greatest act of creation, this universe is far more complex and far more magnificent than man. So the issue of creation should then go to, "Why did God create?", as opposed to simply, "Why create man?"

Fundamentally, we can say that the creation is the natural consequence of the attribute of creator. Allah is the creator. That is one of his attributes. That is what he has informed us. That being his attribute, the creator, the natural consequence or the product of this attribute is his creation.

Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world

Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world 

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collected from Wikipedia...

|8th century|

770–840–[mathematics] Khwarizmi (Persian: خوارزمی‎ Khwarazmi, in Arabic became الخوارزمي al-Khwarizmi, Latinized name, Algorithm). Developed the "calculus of resolution and juxtaposition" (hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala), more briefly referred to as al-jabr, or algebra.776–868–[zoology; language] 'Amr ibn Bahr Al-Jahiz. Zoology, Arabic grammar, rhetoric, lexicography.

|9th century|

800–873–[various] Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (Latinized, Alkindus.) Philosophy, Physics, Optics, Medicine, Mathematics, Cryptography, Metallurgy. Worked at the House of Wisdom which was set up in 810.803 – [chemistry; glass] d. Abu-Moussa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latinized name, Geber,). Famous Persian chemist. First chemist known to produce sulfuric acid, as well as many other chemicals and instruments. Wrote on adding color to glass by adding small quantities of metallic oxides to the glass, such as manganese dioxide. This was a new advancement in glass industry unknown in antiquity. His works include "The elaboration of the Grand Elixir"; "The chest of wisdom" in which he writes on nitric acid; Kitab al-istitmam (translated to Latin later as Summa Perfectionis); and others.ca. 810 Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) set up in Baghdad. There Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works are translated into Arabic.820–[mathematics] Mahani (full name Abu Abdollah Muhammad ibn Isa Mahani–in Arabic Al-Mahani). Conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra. [1]836–901 [anatomy; astronomy; mathematics; mechanics] Born Thabit Ibn Qurra (Latinized, Thebit.) Studied at Baghdad's House of Wisdom under the Banu Musa brothers. Made many contributions to mathematics, particularly in geometry and number theory. He discovered the theorem by which pairs of amicable numbers can be found; i.e., two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other.[1] Later, al-Baghdadi (b. 980) and al-Haytham (born 965) developed variants of the theorem.838–870–Tabari (full name: Ali ibn Sahl Rabban Al-Tabari). Medicine, Mathematics, Calligraphy, Literature. [4]mid 9th century–[chemistry] Al-Kindi writes on the distillation of wine as that of rose water and gives 107 recipes for perfumes, in his book Kitab Kimia al-`otoor wa al-tas`eedat (book of the chemistry of perfumes and distillations.)850–930 [mathematics] born Abu Kamil of Egypt (full name, Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja) Forms an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as x^n \cdot x^m = x^{m+n} .[1]858–929– [astronomy–mathematics] Al-Battani (Albategnius) Works on astronomy, trigonometry etc.ca. 860–Al-Farghani (Al-Fraganus) Astronomy, Civil engineering.864–930–[chemistry; medicine; ...] Razi (Rhazes) Medicine, Ophthalmology, Smallpox, Chemistry, Astronomy. Al-Razi wrote on Naft (naphta or petroleum) and its distillates in his book "Kitab sirr al-asrar" (book of the secret of secrets.) When choosing a site to build Baghdad's hospital, he hung pieces of fresh meat in different parts of the city. The location where the meat took the longest to rot was the one he chose for building the hospital. Advocated that patients not be told their real condition so that fear or despair do not affect the healing process. Wrote on alkali, caustic soda, soap and glycerine. Gave descriptions of equipment processes and methods in his book Kitab al-Asrar (book of secrets) in 925.870–950 – Farabi (Al-Pharabius) Sociology, Logic, Philosophy, Political science, Music.888 – [various] Died 'Abbas Ibn Firnas. Mechanics of Flight, Planetarium, Artificial Crystals. According to one account written seven centuries after his death, Ibn Firnas was injured during an elevated winged trial flight.9th century – [chemistry; petroleum] Oilfields in Baku, Azerbaijan, generate commercial activities and industry. These oilfields, were wells are dug to get the Naft (or naphta, or crude petroleum) are described by geographer Masudi in the 10th century and by Marco Polo in the 13th century. 

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QURAN ON FORMATION OF CLOUDS AND RAIN

QURAN ON FORMATION OF CLOUDS AND RAIN 

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 Collected from web 

Allah says:

(And it is He Who sends the winds as heralds of glad tidings, going before His Mercy (rain). Till when they have carried a heavy-laden cloud, We drive it to a land that is dead, then We cause water (rain) to descend thereon. Then We produce every kind of fruit therewith. Similarly, We shall raise up the dead, so that you may remember or take heed.) (7:57)

Allah says:

(And We send the winds fertilizing (to fill heavily the clouds with water), then cause the water (rain) to descend from the sky, and We give it to you to drink, and it is not you who are the owners of its stores [i.e. to give water to whom you like or to withhold it from whom you like].) (15:22)

Modern science has affirmed the scientific points mentioned in this verse of the Quran. The winds carry water particles which are rich in salt up into the atmosphere; these particles which are called 'aerosols' function as water traps and form cloud drops by collecting around the water vapor themselves. 

The Status of Women in Islam

The Status of Women in Islam
Dr. Jamal Badawi

I. INTRODUCTION

The status of women in society is neither a new issue nor is it a fully settled one.

The position of Islam on this issue has been among the subjects presented to the Western reader with the least objectivity.

This paper is intended to provide a brief and authentic exposition of what Islam stands for in this regard. The teachings of Islam are based essentially on the Quran (God's revelation) and Hadith (elaboration by Prophet Muhammad).

The Quran and the Hadith, properly and unbiasedly understood, provide the basic source of authentication for any position or view which is attributed to Islam.  

20 Greatest Inventions by Muslim Scientists

20 Greatest Inventions by Muslim Scientists

From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the Muslim world has given us many innovations that we take for granted in daily life. As a new exhibition opens, Paul Vallely nominates 20 of the most influential- and identifies the men of genius behind them

1) Coffee

The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London.

The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caffé and then English coffee

2) Pin-Hole Camera

The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one. 

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হিজাবী মেয়ের সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি নিয়ে সাংস্কৃতিক জোটের উদ্বেগ

হিজাবী মেয়ের সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি নিয়ে সাংস্কৃতিক জোটের উদ্বেগ

বাংলাদেশে আশংকাজনক হারে হিজাব পরিহিতার সংখ্যার বেড়ে যাচ্ছে উল্লেখ করে এই প্রসঙ্গে গভীর উদ্বেগের কথা জানিয়েছে সম্মিলিত সাংস্কৃতিক জোট। গতকাল রাজধানীর শাহবাগে এক মৌন মিছিল শেষে জাদুঘরের সামনে অবস্থান নিয়ে এক সংক্ষিপ্ত সভায় বক্তারা এই উদ্বেগের কথা জানান।

“বাড়ছে হিজাবী মেয়ের সংখ্যা, হুমকির মুখে বাআঁলি সংস্কৃতি” শীর্ষক এই কর্মসূচীতে অংশ নিয়ে বক্তারা আশংকা প্রকাশ করেন, এভাবে হিজাবের প্রকোপ বাড়তে থাকলে এক সময়ে বাআঁলি সংস্কৃতির ছিটাফোটাও এই দেশে আর অবশিষ্ট থাকবে না।

সংগঠনের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সদস্য ও বিশিষ্ট সংস্কৃতি ব্যাক্তিত্ব ড. সানজিদা খাতুন বলেন, ‘বাআঁলি মেয়ে কেন হিজাব পরবে? আবহমান বাংলার যে সংস্কৃতি আমাদের রক্তে আমাদের ধমনীতে বহমান, সেখানে তো হিজাবের কোন স্থান নেই। তাহলে কেন আজ চারদিকে এত হিজাব?’

তিনি আরও বলেন, ‘বাআঁলি মেয়ে মানে হচ্ছে খোলামেলা, স্বাধীনচেতা, যা খুশি করা। সেখানে এই ঢেকেঢুকে চলা কেন?’

সংগঠনের নেতা, প্রথম মুক্তিযুদ্ধের দ্বিতীয় সারির ও দ্বিতীয় মুক্তিযুদ্ধের প্রথম সারির যোদ্ধা নাসিরুদ্দীন ইউসুফ বাচ্চু বলেন, ‘আগে তো কখনও দেখি এত হিজাব। তাহলে এখন কেন? কী এমন হল দেশে যে সবাইকে লাইন ধরে হিজাব পরতে হবে?’

তিনি যোগ করেন, ‘এই যে আমার ভোগ্য লাকি আক্তার, ও কি হিজাব পরে? তারপর সুঠাম দেহের সুপুরুষ পুলিশদের গা ঘেঁষে দাঁড়িয়ে তাদেরকে ফুল বিলোনো জিনাত জোয়ার্দার রিপা, ও কি হিজাব পরে? ওরা হচ্ছে প্রকৃত বাআঁলি মেয়ে। ওরা হিজাব পরে না, তো বাকিরা পরছে কেন?’

সংগঠনের অপর সদস্য ও সংস্কৃতি ব্যক্তিত্ব খুশি কবির বলেন, ‘বাআঁলি মেয়েরা হচ্ছে ইনোভেটিভ, এন্ট্রাপ্রেনুয়াল, উদ্যোগী। এই যে আমাদের রিপা, কি বুদ্ধিমতি মেয়ে! বুদ্ধি করে একুশে ফেব্রুয়ারির রাতে শহীদ মিনারের সব ফেলে দেয়া ফুল বাড়িতে এনে জড়ো করেছিল। আজ কি সুন্দর একটু একটু করে সেই ফুলগুলো সুঠাম পেটানো শরীরের সুপুরুষ পুলিশগুলোর সাথে গায়ে গা ঘেঁষে দাঁড়িয়ে তাদেরকে বিলিয়ে যাচ্ছে। উফ! কি মজা! তো এখানে হিজাব টিজাব আসে কোত্থেকে?’

সংগঠনের অপর অন্যতম সদস্য ও বিশিষ্ট সংস্কৃতি ব্যাক্তিত্ব শাহরিয়ার কবির কিছুটা বিলম্বে উপস্থিত হয়ে বলেন, ‘মাফ করবেন আমার আসতে কিছুটা দেরি হয়ে গেছে। গত রাতে এই হতচ্ছাড়া জামাত শিবির হেফাজতের মৌলবাদী কিছু ছেলে আমার মুরগির খামারের সব পানি ফেলে দিয়ে সেগুলোয় দেশি মদ ভরে রেখে গিয়েছিল। আজ সকালে উঠে গিয়ে দেখি কী অবস্থা! মদ পেটে গিয়ে মুরগি গুলো যা না তা করছে! সে যাকগে, হিজাব আমাদের একটি চলমান সমস্যা এবং আমাদের এটা নিয়ে ভাবতে হবে। পথেঘাটে এমনকি বিয়েশাদিতে এখন গিয়ে দেখি দলে দলে ছোট মাঝারি বড় মেয়েরা, এমনকি তাদের মায়েরা পর্যন্ত হিজাব লাগিয়ে ঘুরে বেড়াচ্ছে। লজ্জায় মুখ দেখাতে পারি না’।

তিনি আরও বলেন, ‘জায়গায় জায়গায় দেখি নামাজের স্থান। সব অফিসগুলোয় কই রবীন্দ্র সংগীত চলবে, তা না করে হতচ্ছাড়া নামাজের ঘর বরাদ্দ করছে! দলে দলে নামাজ পড়ছে! কী হরিবল! তো আমাদেরকে এই অপসংস্কৃতি নিয়ে ভাবতে হবে’।

কর্মসূচীতে আরও উপস্থিত ছিলেন ড. আনিসুজ্জামান, ফেরদৌসি প্রিয়ভাষিণী, কামেন্দু মজুমদার, ফাপর ইকবাল, সংগীত শিল্পী প্রিতম, গঞ্জিকাসেবন পূর্বক সাক্ষাতকার খ্যাত শিল্পী মেসবাহ আহমেদ ও তার বিশু দা প্রমুখ।

Muslim Scientists 02: ABU ALI HASAN IBN AL-HAITHAM

ABU ALI HASAN IBN AL-HAITHAM

(965-1040 C.E.) 

Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was one of the most eminent physicists, whose contributions to optics and
the scientific methods are outstanding. Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haitham was born in 965
C.E. in Basrah, and was educated in Basrah and Baghdad. Thereafter, he went to Egypt, where he was
asked to find ways of controlling the flood of the Nile. Being unsuccessful in this, he feigned madness
until the death of Caliph al-Hakim. He also travelled to Spain and, during this period, he had ample time
for his scientific pursuits, which included optics, mathematics, physics, medicine and development of
scientific methods on each of which he has left several outstanding books.

He made a thorough examination of the passage of light through various media and discovered the laws
of refraction. He also carried out the first experiments on the dispersion of light into its constituent
colours. His book Kitab-al-Manadhir was translated into Latin in the Middle Ages, as also his book
dealing with the colours of sunset. He dealt at length with the theory of various physical phenomena like
shadows, eclipses, the rainbow, and speculated on the physical nature of light. He is the first to describe
accurately the various parts of the eye and give a scientific explanation of the process of vision. He also
attempted to explain binocular vision, and gave a correct explanation of the apparent increase in size of
the sun and the moon when near the horizon. He is known for the earliest use of the camera obscura. He
contradicted Ptolemy's and Euclid's theory of vision that objects are seen by rays of light emanating from
the eyes; according to him the rays originate in the object of vision and not in the eye. Through these
extensive researches on optics, he has been considered as the father of modern Optics.
The Latin translation of his main work, Kitab-al-Manadhir, exerted a great influence upon Western
science e.g. on the work of Roger Bacon and Kepler. It brought about a great progress in experimental
methods. His research in catoptrics centred on spherical and parabolic mirrors and spherical aberration.
He made the important observation that the ratio between the angle of incidence and refraction does not
remain constant and investigated the magnifying power of a lens. His catoptrics contain the important
problem known as Alhazen's problem. It comprises drawing lines from two points in the plane of a circle
meeting at a point on the circumference and making equal angles with the norrnal at that point. This
leads to an equation of the fourth degree.
In his book Mizan al-Hikmah Ibn al-Haitham has discussed the density of the atmosphere and developed
a relation between it and the height. He also studied atmospheric refraction. He discovered that the
twilight only ceases or begins when the sun is 19° below the horizon and attempted to measure the height
of the atmosphere on that basis. He has also discussed the theories of attraction between masses, and it
seems that he was aware of the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity.
His contribution to mathematics and physics was extensive. In mathematics, he developed analytical
geometry by establishing linkage between algebra and geometry. He studied the mechanics of motion of
a body and was the first to maintain that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or
changes its direction of motion. This would seem equivalent to the first law of motion.
The list of his books runs to 200 or so, very few of which have survived. Even his monumental treatise
on optics survived through its Latin translation. During the Middle Ages his books on cosmology were
translated into Latin, Hebrew and other languages. He has also written on the subject of evolution a book
that deserves serious attention even today.
In his writing, one can see a clear development of the scientific methods as developed and applied by the
Muslims and comprising the systematic observation of physical phenomena and their linking together
into a scientific theory. This was a major breakthrough in scientific methodology, as distinct from guess
and gesture, and placed scientific pursuits on a sound foundation comprising systematic relationship
between observation, hypothesis and verification.
Ibn al-Haitham's influence on physical sciences in general, and optics in particular, has been held in high
esteem and, in fact, it ushered in a new era in optical research, both in theory and practice.

Muslim Scientist 01 :ABU RAIHAN AL-BIRUNI

ABU RAIHAN AL-BIRUNI
(973-1048 C.E.)   

Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad al-Biruni was one of the well-known figures associated with the
court of King Mahmood Ghaznawi, who was one of the famous Muslim kings of the 11th century C.E.
Al-Biruni was a versatile scholar and scientist who had equal facility in physics, metaphysics,
mathematics, geography and history. Born in the city of Kheva near "Ural" in 973 C.E., he was a
contemporary of the well-known physician Ibn Sina. At an early age, the fame of his scholarship went
around and when Sultan Mahmood Ghaznawi conquered his homeland, he took al-Biruni along with him
in his journeys to India several times and thus he had the opportunity to travel all over India during a

period of 20 years. He learnt Hindu philosophy, mathematics, geography and religion from thre Pandits to whom he taught Greek and Arabic science and philosophy. He died in 1048 C.E. at the age of 75, after
having spent 40 years in thus gathering knowledge and making his own original contributions to it.
He recorded observations of his travels through India in his well-known book Kitab al-Hind which gives
a graphic account of the historical and social conditions of the sub-continent. At the end of this book he
makes a mention of having translated two Sanskrit books into Arabic, one called Sakaya, which deals
with the creation of things and their types, and the second, Patanjal dealing with what happens after the
spirit leaves the body. His descriptions of India were so complete that even the Aein-i-Akbari written by
Abu-al- Fadal during the reign of Akbar, 600 years later, owes a great deal to al-Biruni's book. He
observed that the Indus valley must be considered as an ancient sea basin filled up with alluvials.
On his return from India, al-Biruni wrote his famous book Qanun-i Masoodi (al-Qanun al-Masudi, fi
al-Hai'a wa al-Nujum), which he dedicated to Sultan Masood. The book discusses several theories of
astronomy, trigonometry, solar, lunar, and planetary motions and relative topics. In another well-known
book al-Athar al-Baqia, he has attempted a connected account of ancient history of nations and the
related geographical knowledge. In this book, he has discussed the rotation of the earth and has given
correct values of latitudes and longitudes of various places. He has also made considerable contribution
to several aspects of physical and economic geography in this book.
His other scientific contributions include the accurate determination of the densities of 18 different
stones. He also wrote the Kitab-al-Saidana, which is an extensive materia medica that combines the then
existing Arabic knowledge on the subject with the Indian medicine. His book the Kitab-al-Jamahir deals
with the properties of various precious stones. He was also an astrologer and is reputed to have
astonished people by the accuracy of his predictions. He gave a clear account of Hindu numerals,
elaborating the principle of position. Summation of a geometric progression appropos of the chess game
led to the number:
1616° - 1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,619.
He developed a method for trisection of angle and other problems which cannot be solved with a ruler
and a compass alone. Al-Biruni discussed, centuries before the rest of the world, the question whether the
earth rotates around its axis or not. He was the first to undertake experiments related to astronomical
phenomena. His scientific method, taken together with that of other Muslim scientists, such as Ibn
ABU RAIHAN AL-BIRUNI
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al-Haitham, laid down the early foundation of modern science. He ascertained that as compared with the
speed of sound the speed of light is immense. He explained the working of natural springs and artesian
wells by the hydrostatic principle of communicating vessels. His investigations included description of
various monstrosities, including that known as "Siamese" twins. He observed that flowers have 3,4,5,6,
or 18 petals, but never 7 or 9. 

He wrote a number of books and treatises. Apart from Kitab-al- Hind (History and Geography of India),
al-Qanun al-Masudi (Astro- nomy, Trigonometry), al-Athar al-Baqia (Ancient History and Geography),
Kitab al-Saidana (Materia Medica) and Kitab al-Jawahir (Precious Stones) as mentioned above, his
book al-Tafhim-li-Awail Sina'at al-Tanjim gives a summary of mathematics and astronomy.
He has been considered as one of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the
greatest of all times. His critical spirit, love of truth, and scientific approach were combined with a sense
of toleration. His enthusiasm for knowledge may be judged from his claim that the phrase Allah is
Omniscient does not justify ignorance

Great Muslim scientists list

Muslim scientists list...

 

Astronomers and astrophysicists  

Ibrahim al-Fazari

• Muhammad al-Fazari
• Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician
• Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
• Al-Farghani
• Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
  • Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
  • Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
  • Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
• Al-Majriti
• Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
• Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
• Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
• Abu Sa'id Gorgani
• Kushyar ibn Labban
• Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
• Al-Mahani
• Al-Marwazi
• Al-Nayrizi
• Al-Saghani
• Al-Farghani
• Abu Nasr Mansur
• Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
• Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
• Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
• Ibn Yunus
• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
• Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā)
• Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
• Omar Khayyám
• Al-Khazini
• Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
• Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
• Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
• Averroes
• Al-Jazari
• Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
• Anvari
• Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
• Nasir al-Din Tusi
• Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
• Ibn al-Shatir
• Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
• Jamshīd al-Kāshī
• Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
• Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer
• Ahmad Nahavandi
• Haly Abenragel
• Abolfadl Harawi

Chemists and alchemists 

Further information: Alchemy (Islam)

• Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
• Jafar al-Sadiq
• Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), father of chemistry^[1][2][3]
• Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
• Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
• Al-Majriti
• Ibn Miskawayh
• Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• Avicenna
• Al-Khazini
• Nasir al-Din Tusi
• Ibn Khaldun
• Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
• Al-Khwārizmī, Algebra, (Mathematics)
• Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999^[4]
• Mostafa El-Sayed
• Abdul Qadeer Khan, Nuclear Scientist - Uranium Enrichment Technologist - Centrifuge Method Expert
• Atta ur Rahman, leading scholar in the field of Natural Product Chemistry
• Omar M. Yaghi Professor at the University of California, Berkeley

Economists and social scientists 

Further information: Islamic economics in the world

See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam

• Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
• Abu Yusuf (731-798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
• Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science^[5]
• Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
• Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"^[6] and father of Indology^[7]
• Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
• Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
• Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
• Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
• Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
• Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
• Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
• Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences^[8] such as demography,^[9] cultural history,^[10] historiography,^[11] philosophy of history,^[12] sociology^[9][12] and economics^[13][14]
• Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
• Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
• Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer of microfinance
• Shah Abdul Hannan, Pioneer of Islamic Banking in South Asia
• Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report^[15][16]

Geographers and earth scientists 

Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution

• Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography^[17]
• Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science^[18]
• Ibn Al-Jazzar
• Al-Tamimi
• Al-Masihi
• Ali ibn Ridwan
• Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
• Ahmad ibn Fadlan
• Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,^[6][9] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"^[6]
• Avicenna
• Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
• Averroes
• Ibn al-Nafis
• Ibn Jubayr
• Ibn Battuta
• Ibn Khaldun
• Piri Reis
• Evliya Çelebi

Mathematicians 

Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies

• Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
• Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
• Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra^[19] and algorithms^[20]
• 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
• Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra^[21]
• Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
• Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
• Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
• Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
  • Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
  • Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
• Al-Khwarizmi
• Al-Mahani
• Ahmed ibn Yusuf
• Al-Majriti
• Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
• Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
• Al-Khalili
• Al-Nayrizi
• Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
• Brethren of Purity
• Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
• Al-Saghani
• Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
• Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
• Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
• Ibn Sahl
• Al-Sijzi
• Ibn Yunus
• Abu Nasr Mansur
• Kushyar ibn Labban
• Al-Karaji
• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
• Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
• Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
• Al-Nasawi
• Al-Jayyani
• Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
• Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
• Omar Khayyám
• Al-Khazini
• Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
• Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
• Al-Marrakushi
• Al-Samawal
• Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
• Ibn Seena (Avicenna)
• Hunayn ibn Ishaq
• Ibn al-Banna'
• Ibn al-Shatir
• Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
• Jamshīd al-Kāshī
• Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
• Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
• Maryam Mirzakhani
• Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
• Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
• Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
• Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
• Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
• Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
• Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
• Ulugh Beg
• Cumrun Vafa

Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists 

Further information: Islamic psychological thought

• Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation^[22]
• Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy^[23]
• Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology^[24]
• Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,^[25] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine^[26]
• Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies^[27]
• Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology^[27]
• Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery^[28]
• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception^[29]
• Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time^[30]
• Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,^[31] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness^[32]
• Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology^[28]
• Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease^[28]
• Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture^[33]
• Mir Sajad, Neuroscientist and pioneer in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.^[34][35]

Physicians and surgeons[edit]

Main article: Muslim doctors

Physicists and engineers 

Further information: Islamic physics

• Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
• Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
  • Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
  • Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
  • Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
• Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
• Al-Saghani, 10th century
• Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
• Ibn Sahl, 10th century
• Ibn Yunus, 10th century
• Al-Karaji, 10th century
• Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,^[36] pioneer of scientific method^[37] and experimental physics,^[38] considered the "first scientist"^[39]
• Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics^[40]
• Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
• Al-Khazini, 12th century
• Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
• Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
• Ibn Rushd/Rooshd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
• Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,^[3]
• Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
• Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
• Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
• Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
• Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
• Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
• Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
• Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
• Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
• Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
• Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
• Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
• Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
• Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
• Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
• Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
• Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist
• Abdus Salam, Pakistani Theoretical Physicist, First Muslim scientist Nobel Laureate
• Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
• Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
• Abdus Salam, 1st Pakistani theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics
• Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
• Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
• Munir Ahmad Khan, Father of Pakistan's nuclear program
• Shahid Hussain Bokhari, Pakistani researcher in the field of parallel and distributed computing
• Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)^[41][42]
• Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program^[43]

Political scientists 

• Syed Qutb
• Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
• Abul Ala Maududi
• Hasan al-Turabi
• Hassan al-Banna
• Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
• M. A. Muqtedar Khan
• Rashid al-Ghannushi
• Umar Mukhtair
• Nooruddin Zenghi
• Salauddin Ayubee
• Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad

Other scientists and inventors==

• Azizul Haque
• Umar Saif